英語にて、「Surviving environmental crises: Meteorological disasters and life strategies in the enduring Pukapuka Atoll society」という題名のもと、口頭発表を行いました。

　予稿は、次の通りです。

キーワード：熱帯サイクロン、環礁、生存戦略、プカプカ

　In this paper, we discuss the survival strategies used by the Pukapuka Atoll society, Cook Islands, Polynesia, based on the findings from our anthropological fieldwork conducted in 1995, 2017, 2018, and 2019. Pukapuka is a remote atoll located 1,100 km north of Rarotonga, the main island of the Cook Islands, and 600 km northeast of Samoa. It is made up of three islets (total land area of 1.3 km2) that have a low-lying topography with a maximum elevation of about four meters above sea level. Pukapuka has scarce natural resources including terrestrial soil and fresh water. The atoll is located at the eastern edge of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) and, thus, it is not uncommon for the atoll to be hit with severe meteorological disasters due to tropical cyclones (TCs) that originate near Samoa. Particularly under El Niño conditions, TCs pass close to the atoll along the SPCZ, and the resulting storm surge has often destroyed villages on Pukapuka. Records dating back to the beginning of the 20th century show that the atoll, with its fragile socio-economic and natural environment, has always been exposed to frequent meteorological disasters due to its location. Our study revealed unique survival strategies of the Pukapukan social organization developed in order to survive the extremely unstable, harsh, and fragile environment of the atoll. One of the core survival strategies is to regulate the number of residents per village on the main island of Wale every year according to the availability of natural resources, population density, and cooperation of the people. This strategy of population redistribution reduces the drain on resources in affected areas. Another survival strategy is to assign people to a mutual co-operational organization upon birth (yōlonga); this decision is based not only on genealogical descent relationships, but more importantly on the basis of population-resource distribution in the atoll society as a whole. Additionally, each of the three villages has its own resource reserve area (motu), which is constantly maintained for emergencies. In 1951 the Pukapuka Island Council purchased Nassau Island, located 90 km southeast of the atoll, from the colonial government of the Cook Islands and added it as a resource reserve. Finally, when faced with extreme crisis, the three villages are reorganized into a two-regional organization called Akatawa. These strategies are further supported with a Pukapukan colony established in the Pue District of Avarua City of Rarotonga, which is connected to the atoll through a strong social network. Pue District also serves as a hub for a network of further population movements that extend to New Zealand and Australia. Indeed, the Pukapukan community forms an extensive living network that connects the atoll with centripetal and centrifugal relationships in Nassau, Rarotonga, New Zealand, and Australia. The existence of this living network serves as an important safety-net for the survival of the community. In February 2005, Pukapuka Atoll was hit by Cyclone Percy which caused devastation to the entire atoll. Field surveys of the disaster recovery process that were conducted from 2017 to 2019 confirmed that the atoll's safety-net was an extremely effective multifaceted survival mechanism. The flexible and variable safeguards of the Pukapukan social organization and the living network extending from the atoll form a core strategy that allows Pukapukans and their society to survive meteorological disasters.

　スライドは、次の通りです。

MGI25-03 Tanahashi for web.pdf